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Drag during ground effect Formula

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Drag is the resisting force experienced by an object moving through a fluid. Check FAQs

F D = (C D,e + \frac{{C L}^{2} \cdot ϕ}{π \cdot e \cdot AR}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot ρ ∞ \cdot V^{2} \cdot S)

F_D - Drag?C_D,e - Parasite Drag Coefficient?C_L - Lift Coefficient?ϕ - Ground Effect Factor?e - Oswald Efficiency Factor?AR - Aspect Ratio of a Wing?ρ_∞ - Freestream Density?V - Flight Velocity?S - Reference Area?π - Archimedes' constant?

Drag during ground effect Example

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Here is how the Drag during ground effect equation looks like with Values.

Here is how the Drag during ground effect equation looks like with Units.

Here is how the Drag during ground effect equation looks like.

71977.674 = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{3.1416 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225 \cdot 60^{2} \cdot 5.08)

71977.674N = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{3.1416 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225kg/m³ \cdot {60m/s}^{2} \cdot 5.08m²)

71977.674 = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{3.1416 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225 \cdot 60^{2} \cdot 5.08)

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Drag during ground effect Solution

Follow our step by step solution on how to calculate Drag during ground effect?

FIRST Step Consider the formula

F D = (C D,e + \frac{{C L}^{2} \cdot ϕ}{π \cdot e \cdot AR}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot ρ ∞ \cdot V^{2} \cdot S)

Next Step Substitute values of Variables

∴

F D = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{π \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225kg/m³ \cdot {60m/s}^{2} \cdot 5.08m²)

Next Step Substitute values of Constants

∴

F D = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{3.1416 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225kg/m³ \cdot {60m/s}^{2} \cdot 5.08m²)

Next Step Prepare to Evaluate

∴

F D = (4.5 + \frac{{5.5}^{2} \cdot 0.4}{3.1416 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 4}) \cdot (0.5 \cdot 1.225 \cdot 60^{2} \cdot 5.08)

Next Step Evaluate

∴

F D = 71977.6739725496N

LAST Step Rounding Answer

∴

F D = 71977.674N

Drag during ground effect Formula Elements

Variables

Constants

Drag

Drag is the resisting force experienced by an object moving through a fluid.

Symbol: F_D

Measurement: ForceUnit: N

Note: Value can be positive or negative.

Formulas to find Drag

Parasite Drag Coefficient

The parasite Drag coefficient is defined as the combination of coefficients of form drag and skin friction drag.

Symbol: C_D,e

Measurement: NAUnit: Unitless

Note: Value can be positive or negative.

Formulas to find Parasite Drag Coefficient

Lift Coefficient

The Lift Coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient that relates the lift generated by a lifting body to the fluid density around the body, the fluid velocity and an associated reference area.

Symbol: C_L

Measurement: NAUnit: Unitless

Note: Value should be greater than 0.

Formulas to find Lift Coefficient

Ground Effect Factor

Ground effect factor is the ratio of the induced drag in-ground-effect to the induced drag out-of-ground-effect.

Symbol: ϕ

Measurement: NAUnit: Unitless

Note: Value should be less than 1.

Formulas to find Ground Effect Factor

Oswald Efficiency Factor

The Oswald efficiency factor is a correction factor that represents the change in drag with lift of a three-dimensional wing or airplane, as compared with an ideal wing having the same aspect ratio.

Symbol: e

Measurement: NAUnit: Unitless

Note: Value should be less than 1.

Formulas to find Oswald Efficiency Factor

Aspect Ratio of a Wing

The Aspect Ratio of a Wing is defined as the ratio of its span to its mean chord.

Symbol: AR

Measurement: NAUnit: Unitless

Note: Value should be greater than 0.

Formulas to find Aspect Ratio of a Wing

Freestream Density

Freestream density is the mass per unit volume of air far upstream of an aerodynamic body at a given altitude.

Symbol: ρ_∞

Measurement: DensityUnit: kg/m³

Note: Value can be positive or negative.

Formulas to find Freestream Density

Flight Velocity

Flight Velocity is the speed with which the aircraft moves through air.

Symbol: V

Measurement: SpeedUnit: m/s

Note: Value can be positive or negative.

Formulas to find Flight Velocity

Reference Area

The Reference Area is arbitrarily an area that is characteristic of the object being considered. For an aircraft wing, the wing's planform area is called the reference wing area or simply wing area.

Symbol: S

Measurement: AreaUnit: m²

Note: Value should be greater than 0.

Formulas to find Reference Area

Archimedes' constant

Archimedes' constant is a mathematical constant that represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

Symbol: π

Value: 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288

Other formulas in Take Off category

Go Resistance force during ground roll

R = μ r \cdot (W - F L)

Go Coefficient of rolling friction during ground roll

μ r = \frac{R}{W - F L}

How to Evaluate Drag during ground effect?

Drag during ground effect evaluator uses Drag = (Parasite Drag Coefficient+(Lift Coefficient^2*Ground Effect Factor)/(pi*Oswald Efficiency Factor*Aspect Ratio of a Wing))*(0.5*Freestream Density*Flight Velocity^2*Reference Area) to evaluate the Drag, Drag during ground effect is a measure of the aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion when it is close to the ground, taking into account the effects of ground proximity on lift and drag, and is calculated based on factors such as parasite drag coefficient, lift coefficient, ground effect factor, Oswald efficiency factor, aspect ratio of the wing, free stream density, flight velocity, and reference area. Drag is denoted by F_D symbol.

How to evaluate Drag during ground effect using this online evaluator? To use this online evaluator for Drag during ground effect, enter Parasite Drag Coefficient (C_D,e), Lift Coefficient (C_L), Ground Effect Factor (ϕ), Oswald Efficiency Factor (e), Aspect Ratio of a Wing (AR), Freestream Density (ρ_∞), Flight Velocity (V) & Reference Area (S) and hit the calculate button.

FAQs on Drag during ground effect

What is the formula to find Drag during ground effect?

The formula of Drag during ground effect is expressed as Drag = (Parasite Drag Coefficient+(Lift Coefficient^2*Ground Effect Factor)/(pi*Oswald Efficiency Factor*Aspect Ratio of a Wing))*(0.5*Freestream Density*Flight Velocity^2*Reference Area). Here is an example- 71977.67 = (4.5+(5.5^2*0.4)/(pi*0.5*4))*(0.5*1.225*60^2*5.08).

How to calculate Drag during ground effect?

With Parasite Drag Coefficient (C_D,e), Lift Coefficient (C_L), Ground Effect Factor (ϕ), Oswald Efficiency Factor (e), Aspect Ratio of a Wing (AR), Freestream Density (ρ_∞), Flight Velocity (V) & Reference Area (S) we can find Drag during ground effect using the formula - Drag = (Parasite Drag Coefficient+(Lift Coefficient^2*Ground Effect Factor)/(pi*Oswald Efficiency Factor*Aspect Ratio of a Wing))*(0.5*Freestream Density*Flight Velocity^2*Reference Area). This formula also uses Archimedes' constant .

Can the Drag during ground effect be negative?

Yes, the Drag during ground effect, measured in Force can be negative.

Which unit is used to measure Drag during ground effect?

Drag during ground effect is usually measured using the Newton[N] for Force. Exanewton[N], Meganewton[N], Kilonewton[N] are the few other units in which Drag during ground effect can be measured.

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Drag during ground effect Formula

Drag during ground effect Example

Drag during ground effect Solution

Drag during ground effect Formula Elements

Other formulas in Take Off category

How to Evaluate Drag during ground effect?

FAQs on Drag during ground effect

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